Authors: Nick Bennett, Mete Erdogan, Manolhas Karkada, Nelofar Kureshi, Robert S. Green
Categories: Brief Original Research, Firearm, Gunshot wounds, Injury, Legislation, Mandatory reporting, Trauma
Source: Cjem
Mandatory gunshot wound reporting laws have been enacted in much of Canada, yet there is a lack of evidence on whether these laws are effective in preventing firearm injuries. Our objective was to determine if the Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act in Nova Scotia had an effect on the number of firearm-related injuries in the province.
Pre–post-study of major trauma patients in Nova Scotia who sustained a gunshot wound injury before and after enactment of the Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act (Bill 10) in 2008. Data were collected from the Nova Scotia Trauma Registry and the Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service for a 6-year pre-period (2002–2007) and an 11-year post-period (2009–2019), allowing for a 1-year washout period. Patient characteristics in the pre- and post-periods were compared using t tests and Chi-square analysis. Gunshot wound traumas were analyzed as a time series using the AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model.
A total of 722 firearm injuries were observed during the study period (pre-period = 259, post-period = 463). Mean age was 45.2 ± 19.3 years with males accounting for 95.3% (688/722) of cases. The majority of injuries were self-inflicted (65.1%; 470/722). The mean overall annualized rate of firearm injuries was 4.61 per 100,000 population in the pre-period and 4.45 per 100,000 in the post-period (reduction of 3.4%). No linear trends in the annual number of firearm injuries were observed over the study period. ARIMA modelling was an extremely poor predictor for gunshot wound trauma (R^2^ = 0.012).
Although our findings suggest that there is no association between the Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act and the incidence of firearm injury, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions due to the complexity of this topic. Physicians need to be aware of the legal requirements of mandatory reporting when they encounter patients with gunshot wounds.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43678-022-00288-y.
Keywords: Firearm, Injury, Gunshot wounds, Trauma, Legislation, Mandatory reporting
Over the last 50 years, Canadian governments have implemented various laws to prevent firearm-related injury and death. Although these legislative initiatives have largely focused on strengthening regulations governing the sale, purchase, storage, and transportation of firearms, most provinces and territories in Canada have also implemented laws requiring health care facilities to report gunshot wounds to local law enforcement [1]. Mandatory gunshot wound reporting laws have elicited much debate over whether they improve public safety and injury prevention, and if so, whether that improvement is worth the breach in patient-physician confidentiality [1, 2]. There are concerns such laws will deter gunshot wound patients from seeking medical attention and that those who do present may be induced to provide inaccurate information [2]. Proponents, including the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, argue that these laws are an important part of a multifaceted approach towards preventing firearm-related injuries and deaths [3]. To date, no studies have investigated the effect of mandatory gunshot wound reporting laws on firearm-injury rates.
In some provinces, the intent of these laws is to help combat crime by facilitating investigation of stabbings or shootings soon after the incident; Nova Scotia is one such example, having enacted the Gunshot Wound Reporting Act (Bill 10) in 2008 [4, 5]. Following the 2020 mass shooting in Nova Scotia which pushed the annual number of homicides in Canada to its highest level in nearly 30 years, we sought to gain a better understanding of the burden of gunshot wound injury. The objective of this study was to determine if the Gunshot Wound Reporting Act had an effect on the number of firearm-related major traumas seen in the province.
A pre–post-study of major trauma patients in Nova Scotia with firearm-related injuries before and after enactment of the Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act. This study was performed in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ethical approval was obtained from the Nova Scotia Health Research Ethics Board (File #1025951).
Included were all major trauma patients with a firearm-related injury (based on ICD-10-CA coding) during a 6-year pre-legislation period (January 1 2002—December 31 2007) and an 11-year post-legislation period (January 1 2009—December 31 2019), allowing for a 1-year washout period in 2008. Any deaths at the scene or during transport were included.
Data was collected from the Nova Scotia Trauma Registry (NSTR), a provincial population-based registry under the Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness. The NSTR contains data on all major trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 12 and an appropriate ICD-10-CA code, as well as all penetrating traumas with an ISS ≥ 9, all trauma team activations regardless of ISS, and traumas resulting in death prior to hospital arrival or in the emergency department (ED). As data on homicides may be not captured in the NSTR for legal reasons, we also collected homicide data from the Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service. Data were collected on patient demographics (age, sex, and postal code), injury characteristics (mechanism, intentionality), injury severity (ISS and Glasgow Coma Scale at scene and on ED arrival), intubation (at scene or in ED), trauma team activation, and mortality.
Descriptive statistics including means, standard deviations, medians, interquartile ranges, and proportions were used to characterize the study population. Patient characteristics were compared between the pre- and post-periods using t tests and Chi-square analysis as appropriate. Injury rates were calculated based on 100,000 population (all ages) using population estimates from Statistics Canada. Data on gunshot wound traumas were analyzed as a time series for the period using the AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. All analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 26; IBM, Chicago).
Overall, 722 firearm injuries occurred during the study period (pre-period n = 259; post-period n = 463). Figure 1 shows the overall firearm-injury rates per 100,000 population during the pre- and post-periods, as well as rates of assault/homicide and intentional self-harm. No linear trends in injury rates were observed during the study period. The mean overall rate of firearm injury during the pre-period was 4.61 per 100,000 population per year, which decreased by 3.4% to 4.45 in the post-period. The annual assault rate increased by 19.9% from the pre-period (1.14 per 100,000 per year) to the post-period (1.36 per 100,000 per year), while firearm injuries due to intentional self-harm decreased by 11.6% from the pre-period (3.13 per 100,000 per year) to the post-period (2.77 per 100,000 per year).
Fig. 1 Firearm injuries in Nova Scotia per 100,000 population per year before and after the 2008 Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act
Mortality was 72.6% (524/722) and the majority of deaths occurred in the prehospital setting (65.4%, 472/722). Mortality rates were similar in the pre- and post-periods. Characteristics of trauma patients in the pre- and post-periods are compared in Online Resource 1. Age, sex, injury severity, and the intent of injury (self-inflicted, homicide/assault, and unintentional/undetermined) were similar in both periods. Patients injured during the post-period were more likely to be urban residents and to require activation of the trauma team. Time series analysis showed that gunshot wound traumas were predicted poorly by the ARIMA model (R^2^ = 0.012).
Our findings suggest the 2008 Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act had no effect on the number of firearm-related major traumas in Nova Scotia; however, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions based on the data available for this study. Although Bill 10 was not intended to prevent firearm injuries, this study is a step towards improving our understanding of the burden of gunshot wound trauma and serves to highlight the responsibility of physicians in advocating for comprehensive and transparent public health and safety measures to prevent firearm-related injuries.
Numerous studies have investigated the association between firearm legislation and firearm-related injuries with some finding evidence of a reduction in deaths, especially in countries which simultaneously implemented laws targeting multiple elements of firearms regulations; however, none of these studies examined the effect of mandatory gunshot wound reporting laws on firearm injury [6]. The first mandatory gunshot wound reporting law in Canada was enacted in Ontario in 2005. Ovens and colleagues surveyed emergency physicians, police, and the public in Ontario regarding the Mandatory Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act (Bill 110) [7]. Only 4% of emergency physicians who saw a gunshot wound reported to police felt the law negatively impacted the patient–physician relationship, and 3% had encountered a gunshot wound patient who deferred medical attention from fear of being reported. Furthermore, there was strong public support with 95% of respondents agreeing with the law, and 100% of police felt that the law was helpful in investigating shootings.
We observed most firearm injuries in Nova Scotia were self-inflicted, similar to findings from Ontario where self-harm accounted for 68% of all firearm deaths [8]. Data from the United States show that sales of firearms surged after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and that gun violence rose by 31% during the first year of the pandemic compared to the previous year [9]. There is some evidence that gun violence has also risen in Canada during the pandemic. Data from Alberta show the overall number of severe injuries due to intentional violence remained stable during the first 3 months of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, there was a dramatic decrease in blunt assaults and a significant increase in penetrating trauma from gunshot wounds [10].
Our findings should be interpreted with caution. First and foremost, gunshot wound epidemiology is a complex topic that is influenced by numerous systemic factors other than legislation. We were unable to account for potential confounding variables such as unemployment rates, divorce rates, and other societal factors. Importantly, there were no data available on the actual number of gunshot wound patients reported to police during the study period or whether enactment of Bill 10 and any negative effects on patient-physician relations. While the NSTR has quality control procedures to ensure accurate and complete data entry, some patients were missing data. Finally, our findings are based on the population of Nova Scotia and may not be generalizable to other provinces.
Further studies should evaluate the effect of mandatory gunshot wound reporting on firearm-injury rates in other provinces and territories, and whether such laws negatively affect the patient–physician relationship. Outcomes, including the number of reports made, charges laid, and guns confiscated, should be examined to establish how reports are being used by police and whether they aid in preventing firearm injuries. Sharing this information between police and researchers would help inform quality improvement, epidemiological, and policy initiatives.
Physicians in Canada should be aware of the legal requirements of mandatory reporting when they encounter a gunshot wound victim, as requirements vary by province and institution. In addition, physicians should be aware that the benefits and harms of mandatory reporting have not been adequately determined with respect to patients, health care workers, and society in general.
In this pre–post-study, we found no association between the 2008 Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act and the number of firearm-related injuries in Nova Scotia. Physicians should be aware of the legal requirements of mandatory reporting when they encounter a gunshot wound victim.
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
The authors thank Karen Ssebazza (Nova Scotia Trauma Registry Coordinator) and Sherry Courtemanche (Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service Case Records Manager) for assisting with data collection. We also thank Dr. Matthew Bowes (Nova Scotia Chief Medical Officer) for facilitating data collection from the Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service. Data used in this research were made available by the Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness and the Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service. Any opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness, the Nova Scotia Health Trauma Program, or the Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service.
This study was conceived and designed by RSG, NB, MK, and ME Data acquisition was performed by ME. Data analysis was performed by ME and NK. All authors contributed to interpretation of the results. The manuscript was drafted by NB and ME. All authors were involved in critically reviewing the manuscript, provided final approval of the version submitted for publication, and have agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work presented in the manuscript
This research was funded by a research studentship from Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine.
Study data are not available.
Not applicable.
None declared.
Ethics approval was obtained from the Nova Scotia Health Research Ethics Board (File #1025951).
Waiver of consent was granted by the Nova Scotia Health Research Ethics Board.
Waiver of consent was granted by the Nova Scotia Health Research Ethics Board.
Nick Bennett, Email: Nick.Bennett@dal.ca.
Mete Erdogan, Email: mete.erdogan@nshealth.ca.
Manolhas Karkada, Email: M.Karkada@dal.ca.
Nelofar Kureshi, Email: nelofar.kureshi@nshealth.ca.
Robert S. Green, Email: greenrs@dal.ca
Study data are not available.
Not applicable.