Authors: Der-Shin Ke, Chao-Yu Hsu, Cheng-Li Lin, Chung-Y. Hsu, Chia-Hung Kao
Categories: Research Article, Depression, Herpes zoster, Obesity, Sciatica
Source: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Der-Shin Ke, Chao-Yu Hsu, Cheng-Li Lin, Chung-Y. Hsu, Chia-Hung Kao
Several diseases are associated with herpes zoster (HZ). However, whether sciatica is a stressor leading to HZ development remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the occurrence of HZ in patients with sciatica.
The sciatica cohort consisted of patients first diagnosed as having sciatica between 2000 and 2012. All patients with sciatica were randomly age, sex and index year matched with control individuals without sciatica. The primary outcome was diagnosis of HZ. All individuals were followed until HZ diagnosis, withdrawal from the insurance, death, or December 31, 2013, whichever occurred first. HZ risk in the two cohorts was further analyzed with age, sex and comorbidity stratification.
In total, 49,023 patients with sciatica and 49,023 matched controls were included. Female patients were more likely to have HZ development than were male patients [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–1.12]. After adjustments for all the covariates, HZ risk was significantly higher in the sciatica cohort than in the control cohort (adjusted HR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.12–1.25).
Sciatica increased HZ risk. Thus, HZ risk should be addressed whenever physicians encounter patients with sciatica, HZ vaccination should be considered especially those aged over 50.
Sciatica is characterized by a burning sensation or shooting pain caused by irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve, and the most common cause of sciatica is spinal disc herniation. Sciatica prevalence and incidence rates have been reported to be 1.2–43% and 1–37%, respectively; the large variations may be due to the differences in definitions or study population in the concerned studies [1, 2]. Sciatica treatment intensity is dependent on disease severity, and the treatment can include exercise, manual therapy, medication, spinal injection and surgery [3].
Herpes zoster (HZ), a painful vesicular eruption, occurs due to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation. HZ incidence was 9.92 per 1000 person-years in immunocompetent, unvaccinated adults aged ≥50 years, with a case-fatality rate of 0.04% [4]. HZ incidence can be high after transplantation. Kim et al. reported that HZ incidence after liver transplantation in adults was 16.3 per 1000 person-years. HZ incidence was 9.1, 10.0, and 11.9% at 3, 5, and 10 years after transplantation, respectively [5]. Postherpetic neuralgia is a painful complication; Salvetti et al. found that one-tenth of HZ patients suffered from this, with the highest proportion of 15.56% being found in patients aged 75–79 years [6].
Diseases with chronic pain such as adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder [7], chronic interstitial cystitis [8], and lateral epicondylitis [9] are associated with HZ occurrence. Sciatica is one of the diseases with chronic pain, the association between sciatica and HZ development might be existed. In this paper, we evaluated HZ occurrence in patients with sciatica to understand whether sciatica is a stressor leading to HZ development.
We designed a population-based retrospective cohort study. Here, the study data were extracted from the claims data in the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 (LHID2000); which includes systemically collected claims data of 1 million National Health Insurance (NHI) as well as the random samples in Taiwan NHI Research Database (NHIRD). NHIRD, managed by the National Health Research Institutes, contains data of beneficiaries of the NHI program established in 1995 to provide comprehensive and universal health care coverage to approximately 99% Taiwan residents. NHIRD include data on enrollment files, claims data, disease diagnose, prescriptions, outpatient visits, and hospital admissions. All diagnoses are coded using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnostic codes. To ensure data privacy, patient data are released to researchers in an electronically encrypted form and thus, the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. This study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee at China Medical University Hospital (CMUH104-REC2–115-CR-4).
The dataset used in this study is held by the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW). The MOHW must approve our application to access this data. Any researcher interested in accessing this dataset can submit an application form to the Ministry of Health and Welfare requesting access. Please contact the staff of MOHW (Email: stcarolwu@mohw.gov.tw) for further assistance. Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Address: No.488, Sec. 6, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan (R.O.C.). Phone: + 886–2–8590-6848. All relevant data are within the paper.
We identified patients first diagnosed as having sciatica (ICD-9-CM 724.3) between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2012, and included them in the sciatica cohort. The index date was defined as the date of sciatica diagnosis. We excluded patients aged < 20 years, and with a HZ history before the index date. Every patient with sciatica was randomly age (every 5-year interval), sex and index date matched with a control individual without sciatica from the same database and then this individual was assigned to the control cohort under the same criteria.
The outcome of interest was a new diagnosis of HZ (ICD-9-CM 053) between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2013. All individuals were followed until HZ occurrence, withdrawal from NHI, death, or December 31, 2013, whichever occurred first. We considered several covariates as potential confounders including sex, age, and baseline comorbidities. Inpatient and outpatient data were used to define the status of comorbidities including chronic kidney disease (ICD-9-CM 585and 586), obesity (ICD-9-CM 278), diabetes (ICD-9-CM 250), coronary artery disease (ICD-9-CM 410–414), depression (ICD-9-CM 296.2, 296.3, 300.4 and 311), and lumbar disc herniation (ICD-9-CM 722.10).
Characteristics of all included individuals were first analyzed descriptively. The differences of categorical and continuous variables between the sciatica and control cohorts were tested using the t and chi-square tests. The incidence rate was defined as the number of events per 1000 person-years. Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, sex and comorbidity was used to determine the association between sciatica and HZ risk. The results were presented as a hazard ratio (HR) with accompanying 95% confidence interval (CI). We estimated the cumulative incidence of HZ in the sciatica and control cohorts by using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the differences were examined using the log-rank test. HZ risk in the two cohorts was further analyzed after age, sex and comorbidity stratification. A two-sided p of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data processing and statistical analyses were performed using SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
In total, 49,023 patients with sciatica and 49,023 matched controls were included. Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics and comorbidities in the two cohorts. The age and sex distribution was similar between the sciatica and control cohorts after matching. Compared with the control cohort, the sciatica cohort had significantly higher diabetes, coronary artery disease, depression, obesity, cancer and lumbar disc herniation prevalence (p < 0.001). The mean follow-up duration was 7.44 (±3.82) and 7.42 (±3.83) years in sciatica and control cohorts, respectively. Table 1Demographic characteristics and comorbidities in cohorts with and without SciaticaVariableSciaticap-valueNoYesN = 49,023N = 49,023Age, year0.99 ≤ 4918,729 (38.2)18,729 (38.2) 50–6416,682 (34.0)16,682 (34.0) 65+13,612 (27.8)13,612 (27.8) Mean ± SD^a^54.1 ± 15.454.8 ± 15.1< 0.001Sex0.99 Female27,378 (55.9)27,378 (55.9) Male21,645 (44.2)21,645 (45.2)Comorbidity Diabetes3849 (7.85)4592 (9.37)< 0.001 CAD7491 (15.3)11,260 (23.0)< 0.001 Depression2016 (4.11)3356 (6.85)< 0.001 Chronic kidney disease859 (1.75)926 (1.89)0.11 Obesity544 (1.11)932 (1.90)< 0.001 Cancer1376 (2.81)1178 (2.40)< 0.001 Lumbar disc herniation16,769 (34.2)38,692 (78.9)< 0.001Chi-Square Test; ^a^: T-TestCAD denotes coronary artery disease
Cox proportional hazards regression models for analyzing the risk of variables contributing to HZ are presented in Table 2. After adjustment for all the covariates, the sciatica cohort had a significantly higher HZ risk than did the control cohort (adjusted HR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.12–1.25). Moreover, HZ risk was significantly higher in patients aged 50–64 years (adjusted HR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.97–2.23) and those aged > 65 years (adjusted HR = 2.48; 95% CI = 2.32–2.66) than in those aged < 49 years. Female patients were more likely to have HZ than were male patients (adjusted HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.12). Moreover, patients with diabetes, coronary artery disease, depression, chronic kidney disease, cancer and lumbar disc herniation had a significantly higher HZ risk than did those without any comorbidity. Table 2The incidence and risk factors for herpes zosterVariableEventPYRate^a^Crude HR(95% CI)Adjusted HR^b^(95% CI)Sciatica No2899368,7787.861.001.00 Yes3981375,97710.61.35 (1.28, 1.41)***1.19 (1.12, 1.25)***Age, year ≤ 491551310,6514.991.001.00 50–642839254,72211.22.25 (2.11, 2.39)2.10 (1.97, 2.23) 65+2490179,38213.92.84 (2.67, 3.03)***2.48 (2.32, 2.66)***Sex Female4192426,1379.841.16 (1.11, 1.22)**1.07 (1.02, 1.12) Male2688318,6188.441.001.00Comorbidity Diabetes No6113690,2908.861.001.00 Yes76754,46514.11.61 (1.50, 1.74)*1.14 (1.05, 1.12) CAD No5039615,0728.191.001.00 Yes1841129,68314.21.75 (1.66, 1.85)1.18 (1.12, 1.25) Depression No6455709,7759.091.001.00 Yes42534,98012.21.36 (1.23, 1.50)**1.11 (1.01, 1.23) Chronic kidney disease No6727735,5619.151.001.00 Yes153919316.61.88 (1.60, 2.20)*1.28 (1.09, 1.50) Obesity No6788735,2099.231.001.00 Yes9295469.641.06 (0.87, 1.31) Cancer No6691730,8169.161.001.00 Yes18913,93913.61.51 (1.31, 1.75)**1.21 (1.05, 1.40) Lumbar disc herniation No2538348,7967.281.001.00 Yes4342395,95911.01.53 (1.46, 1.61)***1.24 (1.17, 1.31)***Rate^a^, incidence rate, per 1000 person-years; Crude HR, relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR^b^: multivariable analysis including age, sex, and comorbidities of diabetes, and CAD;*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Table 3 presents the stratification analysis results. After age, sex and comorbidity stratification, HZ incidence was significantly higher in the sciatica cohort than in the control cohort (p < 0.001). Similarly, the Kaplan-Meier analysis results revealed that the cumulative incidence of HZ was significantly different between the sciatica and control cohorts (log-rank test, p < 0.001; Fig. 1). Table 3Incidence of herpes zoster by age, sex and comorbidity and Cox model measured hazards ratio for patients with Sciatica compared those without SciaticaVariablesSciaticaCrude HR (95% CI)Adjusted HR^b^ (95% CI)NoYesEventPYRate^a^EventPYRate^a^Age, years ≤ 49662154,9804.27889155,6715.711.34 (1.21, 1.48)1.17 (1.04, 1.31) 50–641174127,0999.241665127,62313.11.41 (1.31, 1.52)1.30 (1.19, 1.41) 65+106386,70012.3142792,68215.41.25 (1.16, 1.36)***1.11 (1.02, 1.21)***Sex Female1758211,3538.322434214,78411.31.36 (1.28, 1.45)1.21 (1.14, 1.30) Male1141157,4267.251547161,1929.601.32 (1.23, 1.43)***1.14 (1.04, 1.24)Comorbidity ^c^ No1242213,6145.8158673,1978.011.35 (1.22, 1.49)1.37 (1.24, 1.51) Yes1657155,16410.73395302,78011.21.04 (0.98, 1.11)1.14 (1.08, 1.21)*Rate^a^, incidence rate, per 1000 person-years; Crude HR, relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR^b^: multivariable analysis including age, sex, and comorbidities of diabetes, CAD, and lumbar disc herniation;^c^Individuals with any comorbidity of diabetes, CAD, depression, and chronic kidney disease, obesity, cancer, and lumbar disc herniation were classified into the comorbidity groupp < 0.001Fig. 1Cummulative incidence comparison of herpes zoster for patients with (dashed line) or without (solid line) sciatica
Similar results were observed for HZ by propensity score methods as sensitivity analysis. We recreated a non-sciatica cohort well matched for age, sex, index year and comorbidities including diabetes, CAD, depression, chronic kidney disease, obesity, cancer, lumbar disc herniation (Table 4). With this newly selected non-sciatica cohort, the associations between sciatica and HZ (adjusted HR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.12–1.27) remained strongly (Table 5). Table 4Demographic characteristics and comorbidities in cohorts with and without sciatica by propensity score matchingVariableSciaticap-valueNoYesN = 27,097N = 27,097Age, year0.74 ≤ 499228 (34.1)9262 (34.2) 50–649400 (34.7)9378 (34.6) 65+8469 (31.3)8457 (31.2) Mean ± SD^a^55.8 ± 15.155.8 ± 15.20.99Sex0.99 Female15,740 (58.1)15,778 (58.2) Male11,357 (41.9)11,319 (41.8)Comorbidity Diabetes2488 (9.18)2488 (9.03)0.55 CAD5517 (20.4)5528 (20.4)0.91 Depression1438 (5.31)1457 (5.38)0.72 Chronic kidney disease508 (1.87)458 (1.69)0.10 Obesity384 (1.42)379 (1.40)0.86 Cancer772 (2.85)719 (2.65)0.16 Lumbar disc herniation16,769 (61.9)16,766 (61.9)0.98Chi-Square Test; ^a^: T-TestCAD denotes coronary artery diseaseTable 5Overall Incidence of herpes zoster (per 1000 person-years) and estimated hazard ratios according to sciatica status using Cox method by propensity score matchingSciaticaNoYesVariable(N = 27,097)(N = 27,097)Herpes zoster.Person-years203,946208,742Follow-up time (y), Mean ± SD7.53 ± 3.877.70 ± 3.84 Event, n18132239 Rate^a^8.8910.7 Crude HR (95% CI)1(Reference)1.21 (1.13, 1.28)*** Adjusted HR^b^ (95% CI)1(Reference)1.19 (1.12, 1.27)***Rate^a^, incidence rate, per 1000 person-years; Crude HR, relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR^b^: multivariable analysis including age, sex, and comorbidities of diabetes, and CAD;***p < 0.001
This is the first population-based study to assess HZ risk in patients with sciatica; patients with sciatica were 1.19 times more likely to develop HZ than were those without.
About 90% of sciatica is caused by spinal disc herniation [10]. Because an inflammatory response in the lumbosacral nerve roots due to herniated nucleus pulposus and mechanical deformation on the nerve, sensation of pain occurs [11]. However, Stafford et al. emphasized that herniation of nucleus pulposus is not the only cause of sciatica, and we should not forget other causes [11].
Diseases with chronic pain such as adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder [7], chronic interstitial cystitis [8], and lateral epicondylitis [9] are associated with risk of HZ. Sciatica is one of common chronic pain syndrome which is a stressor for affected individual. Stress can activate neural or hormonal activity in order to restore homeostasis [12]. It is believed that stress and pain will produce changes in the perceptual and stress system, resulting in abnormal output patterns of the body’s own neuromatrix [12]. These mechanisms are strongly associated with decreasing the VZV-specific cellular immunity; thus, increasing risk of HZ in patients with sciatica should be considered.
In a comprehensive review of the evidence from systematic reviews, Parreira et al. identified risk factors for sciatica from 54 items, with depression being an adverse risk factor [13]. Oosterhuis et al. investigated prognostic factors for work participation in patients with sciatica through systemic reviews and found a similar less depression was a favourable factor for return to work [14]. Lower back pain is a discomfort experienced by patients with sciatica. Tutoglu et al. assessed depression severity in patients with sciatica and neuropathic pain, sciatica without neuropathic pain, and healthy participants by using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and found mean BDI scores of 5.89 (±5.37), 20.88 (±12.39) and 4.21 (±5.95). BDI was significantly higher in patients with sciatica and neuropathic pain [15]. Max et al. examined depression symptoms by using the 36-items short form of Mental Health Scale for patients with sciatica after surgery and found that depression symptoms were significantly alleviated after surgery if the pain was reduced by > 25%. And, the mean score remained unchanged if there was no or only slight pain relief [16]. The patients with chronic pain may experience depression [17]. Narita et al. reported that chronic pain had an anxiogenic effect in mice and that this phenomenon may be associated with changes in opioidergic function in the amygdala [17]. The mechanisms of pain leading to depression were identified by Max et al. through pain-gene interaction by using a clinical genetic method, they considered that the short-term and 1-year effect on mood after surgery for sciatica was on the mu opioid receptor and galanin-2 receptor [16].
Irwin et al. found that depression is associated with decreasing VZV-specific cellular immunity [18]. Thus, the risk of HZ is increased in patients with depression. Choi et al. found that HZ prevalence was 6.8% in patients with depression and 6.3% in controls and that patients with depression had a 1.09 times higher HZ risk than did those without depression [19]. In a similar population-based study of Liao et al., HZ incidence was 4.58 and 3.54 per 1000 person-years in patients with depression and controls. In addition, their case cohort was 1.11 times more likely to develop HZ than was their control cohort [20]. Because sciatica and sciatica-related conditions such as pain and depression are stressful, there is a strong possibility for sciatica patients to develop HZ.
HZ prevalence typically increases with age as corroborated by our results (Table 1); among our patients with sciatica, HZ incidence was higher in patients aged < 65 years (Table 3). Furthermore, regardless of whether the patients had comorbilities, HZ incidence remained high. These results confirmed that the presence of sciatica might be a stressor leading to HZ development.
This was a retrospective study and thus there were several limitations. First, sciatica severity and HZ severity and location which may affect the treatment decision and prognosis, are unavailable in NHIRD. Second, lifestyles information such as smoking, is also unavailable in the NHIRD. A strongly association between smoking and sciatica was confirmed by several studies [13, 21]. This could also influence the outcome of this study. Third, influence of medication was not analyzed in the present study. Drugs may influence the immune system which resulted to HZ occurrence. However, medication will be given immediately after diagnosis of diseases in both groups due to the unique insurance system with high accessibility, thus the medication bias can be ignored. Fourth, diagnostic bias between different specialists may occur. Nevertheless, all insurance claims are sent to the NHI Administration and reviewed by experts through a strict system of audit and penalty. Therefore, the diagnostic codes are reliable. Despite these limitations, the population-based study provided sufficient evidence for persuasive research through inclusion a large number of patients. Thus, we confirm that HZ risk is higher in patients with sciatica than in those without.
The presence of sciatica increased HZ risk. Thus, HZ risk should be noted when physicians encounters patients with sciatica, and HZ vaccination should be considered especially those aged over 50.