Authors: Amy Y. Rossman, W. Cavan Allen, Uwe Braun, Lisa A. Castlebury, Priscila Chaverri, Pedro W. Crous, David L. Hawksworth, Kevin D. Hyde, Peter Johnston, Lorenzo Lombard, Megan Romberg, Rob A. Samson, Keith A. Seifert, Jeffrey K. Stone, Dhanushka Udayanga, James F. White
Categories: Article, Hypocreales, dual nomenclature, nomenclature, pleomorphic fungi, protected lists of names, taxonomy
Source: IMA Fungus
Authors: Amy Y. Rossman, W. Cavan Allen, Uwe Braun, Lisa A. Castlebury, Priscila Chaverri, Pedro W. Crous, David L. Hawksworth, Kevin D. Hyde, Peter Johnston, Lorenzo Lombard, Megan Romberg, Rob A. Samson, Keith A. Seifert, Jeffrey K. Stone, Dhanushka Udayanga, James F. White
With the change to one scientific name for fungal species, numerous papers have been published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names in major groups of ascomycetes. Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing genera not considered in previous papers. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in the development of these recommendations. A number of generic names need protection, specifically Amarenographium over Amarenomyces, Amniculicola over Anguillospora, Balansia over Ephelis, Claviceps over Sphacelia, Drepanopeziza over Gloeosporidiella and Gloeosporium, Golovinomyces over Euoidium, Holwaya over Crinium, Hypocrella over Aschersonia, Labridella over Griphosphaerioma, Metacapnodium over Antennularia, and Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon and Heliscus. The following new combinations are Amniculicola longissima, Atichia maunauluana, Diaporthe columnaris, D. liquidambaris, D. longiparaphysata, D. palmicola, D. tersa, Elsinoë bucidae, E.caricae, E. choisyae, E. paeoniae, E. psidii, E. zorniae, Eupelte shoemakeri, Godronia myrtilli, G. raduloides, Sarcinella mirabilis, S. pulchra, Schizothyrium jamaicense, and Trichothallus niger. Finally, one new species name, Diaporthe azadirachte, is introduced to validate an earlier name, and the conservation of Discula with a new type, D. destructiva, is recommended.
With the change to one scientific name for fungi (McNeill et al. 2012), a number of papers have been published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names of ascomycetes. These papers address genera in the major groups of Sordariomycetes such as Diaporthales (Rossman et al. 2015a), Hypocreales (Rossman et al. 2013, Quandt et al. 2014), Magnaporthales (Zhang et al. 2016), Microascales and Ophiostomatales (de Beer et al. 2013), Xylariaceae (Stadler et al. 2013) and remaining Sordariomycetes (Réblová et al. 2016) as well as Dothideomycetes (Rossman et al. 2015b), Eurotiales (Samson et al. 2014, Visagie et al. 2014), Leotiomycetes including Erysiphales (Braun 2013, Johnston et al. 2014), and yeast fungi (Daniel et al. 2014). A paper on competing genera of Pezizomycetes is concluded in this issue (Healy et al. 2016) and one on competing genera of Basidiomycetes is in preparation (J A Stalpers, pers. comm.). Thus competing generic names in most groups of pleomorphic fungi will then have been considered with recommendations made for use or protection of one generic name. Each of these papers was developed and recommendations approved by a Working Group of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing generic names not considered in previous papers. Table 1 is synopsis of the competing genera discussed in this paper with need for action noted, if necessary. If priority of sexually typified generic names is eliminated as has been proposed (Hawksworth 2015), asexually typified generic names that have priority need not be approved by the Nomenclature Committee on Fungi (NCF) as required now by the ICN. This is noted in Table 1 as required action similar to that required for generic names that do not have priority. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in the development of these recommendations as reflected in the authorship. Within each previously published paper necessary new combinations were made to place species in the recommended genera, however, additional required new combinations and nomenclatural issues have been discovered and are completed here.
In the following notes, (A) = a name typified by an asexual morph, and (S) = a name typified by a sexual morph.
The most commonly encountered members of Eurotiales, namely Aspergillus and Penicillium, have been reviewed with one scientific name recommended for each pleomorphic genus and species (Samson et al. 2014, Visagie et al. 2014). However, three additional sets of competing generic names within Eurotiales are considered here.
The asexual morph of the type species of Monascus, M. ruber, was described as Basipetospora rubra, type species of Basipetospora, by Cole & Kendrick (1968), and later regarded as B. vesicarum (Stalpers 1984), thus these generic names are synonyms. These authors also considered the monotypic genus Backusia based on B. terricola to be a synonym of Monascus. Stchigel et al. (2004) provided an account of Monascus recognizing Basipetospora for the asexual morph and placed it in Aspergillaceae. Monascus includes a number of species that are important in food science for which the name Monascus is used exclusively. Monascus includes 30 species, with four names currently accepted in Basipetospora of which the two species described by Matsushima (1975) belong to different orders (Seifert & Gams, unpubl.). Given its priority, the greater number of species, a recent monograph, and its economic importance, the use of Monascus is recommended.
The type species of Paecilomyces, P. variotii, and the type species of Byssochlamys, B. nivea, were shown to be congeneric through molecular sequence analyses (Luangsa-ard et al. 2004, Samson et al. 2009), although the relationship between these genera had been known for some time (Stolk & Samson 1971). These fungi are thermotolerant and thus are important in the food and beverage industry as spoilage organisms (Samson et al. 2000). The concept of Paecilomyces had been confused due to the reduced morphology of the asexual reproductive structures, however, many species that are not monophyletic with the type species have now been placed in other genera. These include fungi used in biological control, Purpureocillium lilicinum (syn. Paecilomyces lilicinum) and insect pathogens such as Isaria farinosa (syn. Paecilomyces farinosus) and I. fumosoroseus (syn. Paecilomyces fumosoroseum; Luangsa-ard et al. 2004, 2005). The use of Paecilomyces in the strict sense of those involved in food spoilage is widespread; in a recent Food Mycology workshop held in Freising, Germany, the group discussed these competing generic names and decided to recommend use of the generic name that has priority, namely Paecilomyces (Samson pers. comm.). Although several valid and accepted species of *Paecilomyces *sensu Stolk & Samson (1971) remain to be renamed, we support the community opinion to maintain the use of *Paecilomyces *over Byssochlamys.
The type of the monotypic genus Xeromyces, X. bisporus, is an extreme xerophilic fungus that can grow in sugary substances and is thus important in food mycology (Dallyn & Everton 1969). The asexual morph of X. bisporus was described as Fraseriella bispora, type of the monotypic genus Fraseriella, thus these generic names are synonyms and compete for use. Although an early study suggested that Xeromyces bisporus belonged in Monascus (Stchigel et al. 2004), a more extensive account has shown that Xeromyces is a distinct genus within Eurotiales (Pettersson et al. 2011). Xeromyces has priority and is used more extensively than Fraseriella, thus we recommend the use of Xeromyces.
The sexual morph of the type species of Labridella, L. cornu-cervae, was determined to be Griphosphaerioma kansensis based on Cryptospora kansensis, an earlier name for G. symphoricarpi, by Shoemaker (1963). At present Griphosphaerioma includes one other species, *G. zelkovicola, *which has an asexual morph referred to as Sarcostroma zelkovicola (Ono & Kobayashi 2003). The generic name Sarcostroma is now regarded as Seimatosporium, thus it seems unlikely that G. zelkovicola is congeneric with the type of Griphosphaerioma. No molecular data exist for any of these species. The name Labridella cornu-cervae has been used in two major references (Nag Raj 1993, Sutton 1980) and Labridella is cited more frequently than Griphosphaerioma, thus we recommend Labridella for protection and use.
The name Diaporthe has priority over Phomopsis and was recommended for use based on discussions within the Diaporthales Working Group (Rossman et al. 2015a). New combinations in Diaporthe of commonly encountered species were made in that paper. Some names of Phomopsis have been synonymized under older Diaporthe species names redefined using molecular data**(Rossman et al 2014, Udayanga et al. 2014a,b). A number of economically important species of Phomopsis have been sequenced and appear to be unique species within Diaporthe. Based on these sequences and the use of the generic name Diaporthe, we propose a new species to validate a name previously described in Phomopsis and the following five new combinations.
Diaporthe azadirachtae Udayanga & Castl., sp. nov.
MycoBank MB819047
Description: Original description as “Phomopsis azadirachtae” in Sateesh et al., Mycotaxon 65: 517 (1997).
Type: India: Karnataka, on dry twigs of Azadirachta indica; 1996, M.K Sateesh (HCIO 42119-holotype; University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, MUBH 983-isotype).
Diaporthe azadirachtae (as “Phomopsis azadirachtae”) causes a serious twig blight disease on *Azadirachta indica *(Meliaceae), neem, and has widely been reported in phytopathological literature (Sateesh et al. 1997, Fathima et al. 2004, Girish & Shankara Bhat 2008, Prasad et al. 2009, 2010). This new name replaces “Phomopsis azadirachtae”, which was described with two specimens designated as type and so was not validly published (Art. 40.3). In addition this taxon is now placed in the correct genus, Diaporthe.
Diaporthe columnaris**(Farr & Castl.) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819020.
Basionym: Phomopsis columnaris D.F. Farr & Castl., Mycol. Res. 106: 747 (2002).
Diaporthe liquidambaris (C.Q. Chang et al.) Udayanga & Castl., comb.nov.
MycoBank MB819021.
Basionym: *Phomopsis liquidambaris *C.Q. Chang et al., Mycosystema 24: 9 (2005).
Diaporthe longiparaphysata (Uecker & K.C. Kuo) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819022
Basionym: Phomopsis longiparaphysata Uecker & K.C. Kuo, Mycotaxon 44: 426 (1992).
Diaporthe palmicola (G. Winter) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819023
Basionym: Phoma palmicola G. Winter, Grevillea 15: 92 (1887).
Synonym: *Phomopsis palmicola *(G. Winter) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 25: 132 (1915).
Diaporthe tersa (Sacc.) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819024
Basionym: Phoma tersa Sacc., Bolm Soc. broteriana, Coimbra, sér. 1, 11: 16 (1893).
Synonym: Phomopsis tersa (Sacc.) B. Sutton, The Coelomycetes: 573 (1980).
Redlin 1991
In reviewing the generic names competing for use in Diaporthales, Rossman et al. (2015a) suggested that the generic name Discula based on D. platani, which is now regarded as *D. nervisequa *but erroneously stated as D. quercina, should be considered a synonym of Apiognomonia. Discula nervisequa is, however, now regarded as Apiognomonia veneta while the sexual morph of D. quercina could not be determined (Sogonov et al. 2007). Most species of Discula are now recognized in Apiognomonia. One widely used species of Discula is not congeneric with the type species and is not synonymous with Apiognomonia, namely Discula destructiva, cause of dogwood anthracnose (Redlin 1991). This species has been shown to fall outside of Apiognomonia but still within *Gnomoniaceae, *and is not allied with any known genus (Castlebury et al. 2002, Mejia et al. 2012). In order to continue the use of Discula destructiva for the cause of dogwood anthracnose and to eliminate the need for a new generic name and name change, a conservation proposal has been published to conserve Discula with a new type species, D. destructiva (Allen et al. 2016).
When the paper on recommendations for competing generic names in the non-clavicipitaceous Hypocreales was published based on deliberations of the Hypocreales Working Group (Rossman et al. 2013), only those generic names needing protection due to lack of priority or having asexual types were included. Since then the philosophy has changed with the Working Group reports including all competing generic names in their papers, for completeness, thus additional competing generic names in the non-clavicipitaceous Hypocreales are presented here. The generic names recommended for use in Nectriaceae are in agreement with the comprehensive overview of this family presented by Lombard et al. (2015). Among the clavicipitaceous Hypocreales, Quandt et al. (2014) published a paper on Ophiocordycipitaceae and a second major paper on Cordycipitaceae is planned to be published soon (R Kepler, pers. comm.). Several important generic pairs in Clavicipitaceae are considered here.
The genus Balansia is typified by B. claviceps and was monographed by Diehl (1950) with 13 species. A phylogeny of Balansia within Clavicipitaceae was provided by Reddy et al. (1998), who determined that six species of Balansia including the type form a monophyletic group. Balansia claviceps causes a disease referred to as false smut or flower blight that infects living inflorescences in tropical regions (Reddy et al. 1998). This and other species of Balansia produce alkaloids that provide protection to grasses that harbour this fungus as an endophyte (White 1997). The generic name Ephelis, based on E. mexicana, has been used for the asexual morphs of species of Balansia but includes many fewer names. Ephelis mexicana is considered the asexual morph of B. claviceps as confirmed by Diehl (1950) and later authors (Bacon & White 1994, White 1997), thus these generic names are synonyms. Balansia is here proposed for protection over Ephelis and only Balansia is included in Kirk et al. (2013).
The relationship and restricted definition of Calonectria based on C. pyrochroa and its asexual morph in Cylindrocladium typified by C. scoparium was first recognized by Rossman (1979) and confirmed by Lombard et al. (2010, 2015). The type of Candelospora, C. ilicicola, has most recently been recognized as a synonym of Calonectria pyrochroa (Lombard et al. 2015). Both Calonectria and Cylindrocladium are used about equally, thus we recommend following the principle of priority and using the name Calonectria. A number of important plant pathogic fungi are placed in this genus including Calonectria pseudonaviculata, cause of boxwood blight, and C. ilicicola, cause of black rot of peanut.****
Use Calostilbe Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902 (S) rather than Calostilbella Höhn. 1919 (A) or Xenostilbum Petr. 1959 (A)
The relationships of the type species of Calostilbe, C. striispora, to the asexual morph Calostilbella calostilbe, type of the monotypic Calostilbella, was first recognized by Samuels (1973, as “Nectria striispora”) and later confirmed as a genus distinct from Nectria in Rossman et al. (1999) and Lombard et al. (2015). The synonymy of Xenostilbum sydowii, type of the monotypic Xenostilbum, with Calostilbella calostilbe was first recognized by von Arx (1981) and accepted by later authors. Given that the generic name Calostilbe has priority and is most widely used, Calostilbe is recommended for use.
Four species of *Nectria s. lat. *having Chaetopsina asexual morphs were described by Samuels (1985). These species were later placed in a separate genus Chaetopsinectria typified by N. chaetopsinae by Luo & Zhuang (2010). The asexual morph of N. chaetopsinae is Chaetopsina fulva, type of the generic name Chaetopsina (Samuels 1985), thus these generic names are synonyms. One of the four nectria-like species described by Samuels (1985) and placed in Chaetopsinectria has since been placed in Mariannaea, M. catenulatae, thus only three names remain in Chaetopsinectria all of which have names in Chaetopsina. Chaetopsina includes 18 names. Given its priority, widespread use, and greater number of names, the generic name Chaetopsina is recommended for use.
The genus Claviceps, typified by C. purpurea, is well known as the cause of ergot and human diseases associated with infected cereals (Bove 1970) while the asexual morph producing a honey dew has been placed in Sphacelia. The type of Sphacelia, S. segetum, has long been regarded as the asexual morph of C. purpurea (Tulasne 1853). This species was recently determined to consist of three species with S. segetum recognized as a synonym of C. purpurea sensu stricto (Pažoutová et al. 2015), thus there is no question that Claviceps and Sphacelia are synonyms. Another younger generic name, Ustilagopsis based on U. deliquescens, competes with *Claviceps. *This type is a synonym of Claviceps paspali as suggested by Wolf & Wolf (1947) and Langdon (1954), thus Ustilagopsis is a further synonym of Claviceps. In addition to ergot caused by C. purpurea, there are a number of important diseases caused by Clavicipes such as sorghum ergot, C. africana (Tooley et al. 2006), and horse’s tooth of corn, C. giganteum (Fuentes et al. 1964). These fungi produce a number of industrially important alkaloids (Hulvová et al. 2013). Although Sphacelia includes 33 species names, the generic name Claviceps includes 88 names, many of which have been thoroughly studied (White et al. 2003), is much more widely used, and should be protected for use.
The type species of Corallomycetella, C. heinsenii, was confirmed as a synonym of C. repens by Rossman et al. (1999), a common tropical fungus that is known to cause diseases such as violet root rot of cacao, Theobroma cacao, and other root rot diseases on woody plants (Booth & Holliday 1973, as “Sphaerostilbe repens”). Seifert (1985) recognized the synonymy of the type species of Rhizostilbella, R. rubra, with Stilbum hibisci, then considered the asexual morph of Nectria mauritiicola, now C. repens (Rossman et al. 1999). Corallomycetella was recently monographed by Herrera et al. (2013) in which Corallomycetella was accepted over Rhizostilbella as was also the case in Lombard et al. (2015). Given its priority and widespread use, we recommend the use of Corallomycetella.
The relationship of Epichloë and Neotyphodium has already been addressed with all names resolved by Leuchtmann et al. (2014). They clearly demonstrated that these generic names are synonyms and agreed with priority thus recommending the use of Epichloë.
The genus Hypocrella based on H. discoidea has been defined to include the type and four additional species while most species previously regarded as Hypocrella are now placed in the genera Moelleriella and Samuelsia (Chaverri et al. 2008). The type species of Aschersonia, A. tahitensis, was said to be closely related to the type of Hypocrella (Chaverri et al. 2008), although H. discoidea was considered to have an asexual morph referred to as A. samoensis by Hywel-Jones et al. (1993). Nevertheless the generic names Hypocrella and Aschersonia are synonyms. Both names have been used extensively in the literature and include many names but with the narrow concept of Hypocrella, relatively few species remain in that genus but even fewer remain in Aschersonia. Given its widespread use and the greater number of names, we recommend the generic name Hypocrella for protection and use.
As part of discussions by the Hypocreales Working Group, it was decided to protect Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon (Rossman et al. 2013). Since then Lombard et al. (2014) demonstrated that the type species of Heliscus, H. lugdunensis, belongs in Neonectria. This species is an aquatic hyphomycete with unusual helicoid conidia. Heliscus includes only a few species while over 50 species have been described in Neonectria including a number of important plant pathogens such as N. coccinea, cause of beech bark disease in Europe, and N. galligena, cause of canker disease of apple, birch and other hardwood trees in temperate regions. Given that Neonectria is already proposed for protection over Cylindrocarpon and that Heliscus is a relatively unknown genus with few species, it is recommended that Neonectria also be protected over Heliscus.
The type of the generic name Ophionectria, O. trichospora, is a relatively common and distinctive species occurring on rotting wood in tropical regions (Rossman 1977). The asexual morph of O. trichospora was described as the equally distinctive Antipodium spectabile in the monotypic genus Antipodium (Pirozynski 1974), thus these generic names are synonyms. Given its priority and widespread use, the name Ophionectria is recommended for use.
Two species of Nectria s. lat. were determined to have asexual morphs belonging to the genus Penicillifer by Samuels (1989). Rossman *et al. *(1999) recognized these species with two others as the distinct genus Viridospora, typified by V. penicilliferi. Lombard et al. (2015) demonstrated that the type species of Viridospora and the type species of Penicillifer, P. pulcher, were congeneric thus these generic names are synonyms. About eight names are included in Penicillifer with only four names in Viridispora, all of which also have names in Penicillifer. Given its priority, widespread use and greater number of names, we recommend the use of Penicillifer.
A clade with the type species of Sarcopodium, S. circinatum, was shown to include the type species of Lanatanectria, L. flocculenta (as S. macalpinei), and the type species of Actinostilbe, A. vanillae (as *S. vanilla) *by Lombard et al. (2015), thus these three generic names are synonyms. Actinostilbe had previously been shown to be a synonym of Sarcopodium by Sutton (1981). About thirty names are included in Sarcopodium, a generic name that is widely used. Only five names have been placed in Lanatonectria. Given its priority, widespread use and greater number of names, we recommend the use of Sarcopodium.
The type species of Ustilaginoidea, U. oryzae, now recognized as U. virens, causes a disease called false smut of rice that occurs throughout the rice-growing regions of the world (Mulder & Holliday 1971). A monotypic generic name for the sexual morph of this fungus, Villosiclava based on V. virens, was published by Tanaka et al. (2009) in which the relationship between these two names as the same species was confirmed. Thus there is no question that these generic names are synonyms. Ustilaginoidea has been used widely for this disease while the sexual morph name is relatively recent and has not been used to any extent. Given its widespread use and priority, Ustilaginoidea is recommended for use.
Volutella based on V. ciliata is a well known genus of ubiquitous, sporodochial, saprobic fungi. This generic name has been conserved over the plant name Volutella Forsk. 1775 (Lauraceae) (Hawksworth & Tulloch 1972). The link with the nectria-like sexual morph Nectria consors was determined by Samuels (1977). This species, as Volutellonectria consors, served as the type of the generic name Volutellonectria with three species. Gräfenhan et al. (2011) and Lombard et al. (2015) demonstrated that Volutella ciliata and V. consors are congeneric and should be regarded as a distinct genus in Nectriaceae. Given the numerous species, its priority, and widespread use, it is recommended that Volutella be used for this genus.
Decock et al. 1997 (A) rather than Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch (2000)
The type species of Xenocylindrocladium, X. serpens, was described as the asexual morph of Nectria serpens (Decock et al. 1997), a name that was later transferred to the monotypic Xenocalonectria (Schoch et al. 2000), thus these generic names are synonyms. Given the three names in that genus and its priority, we recommend the use of Xenocylindrocladium.
Seifert 1987 (A)
The monotypic genus Batistia is based on B. annulipes with which an asexual morph, Acrostroma annellosynnema, was linked using cultural methods by Samuels & Rodriguez (1989). No sequence data have been published for this species and the only known cultures are lost (S Huhndorf, in litt. to K A Seifert). The generic name Acrostroma, typified by A. annulipes, was described by Seifert (1987) with two species added since then (Verma et al. 2008) that are probably misclassified (Seifert et al. 2011). Batistia annulipes is a relatively common and distinctive tropical fungus, thus this genus is more widely known than Acrostroma. Based on its greater use in the literature and priority, we recommend the use of Batistia.
In reviewing generic names in Leotiomycetes, Johnston et al. (2014) listed competing generic names and proposed a single generic name for protection or use. However, the following three sets of generic names were not included in that paper. In addition two new combinations are made in genera reviewed previously and the protection of a generic name of a powdery mildew (Leotiomycetes,* Erysiphales*) omitted in Braun (2013) is proposed.
Drepanopeziza ribis, type species of Drepanopeziza, is commonly encountered causing a leaf spot disease of current or gooseberry anthracnose (Booth & Walker 1979). The name Drepanopeziza was recognized at the generic rank for the first time by Jaap (1914) based on Pseudopeziza subgenus Drepanopeziza described by Klebahn (1906) who based this subgenus on P. ribis, the only species mentioned in this description; Index Fungorum erroneously gives P. campestris as the type of Drepanopeziza. Although Jaap (1914) recognized D. campestris based on P. campestris, he attributed the generic name to Klebahn’s name Pseudopeziza subgenus Drepanopeziza, which was described with only one species, *P. ribis *(Klebahn 1906). This name automatically becomes the type. Drepanopeziza was not included in Johnston et al (2014) because this name was considered to represent a good genus with no competing synonyms. Since then, it has been discovered that the type species of Gloeosporium, G. castagnei, is the asexual morph of D. populi-albae and the type species of Gloeosporidiella, G. ribis, is the asexual morph of *D. ribis. *Similarly G. variabile is the asexual morph of D. variabilis (Rimpau 1961). Thus Gloeosporium and Gloeosporidiella are congeneric with *Drepanopeziza. *Von Arx (1957) provided an account of the over 800 names described in a very broadly circumscribed Gloeosporium, which are used for asexual morphs of species in genera throughout the ascomycetes. Gloeosporidiella is a smaller genus with only 18 species some of which were included in von Arx (1957) and Sutton (1980). Based on its widespread use, the ill-defined, historical concept of Gloeosporium, and the relative obscurity of Gloeosporidiella, Drepanopeziza is recommended for protection and use over these two competing generic names.
Braun (2012) discussed the relevance of asexual and sexual morph-typified names in powdery mildews (Erysiphales) and proposed to give general preference to names based on sexual morphs. This approach to solve corresponding nomenclatural problems in powdery mildews was implemented by Braun (2013) who proposed to conserve the sexual morph-typified name *Blumeria *against the asexual morph-typified name *Oidium *and twenty-two sexual morph-typified species names against competing asexual morph-typified names. One case at the generic level was omitted. Braun (1978) introduced *Erysiphe *sect. Golovinomyces for powdery mildews characterized by having ascomata with mycelioid appendages, 2-spored asci, and a characteristic asexual i.e. appressoria indistinct to nipple-shaped, conidia catenescent, without fibrosin bodies. Heluta (1988) raised this section to generic rank by introducing the new combination Golovinomyces. The asexual morph-typified name *Euoidium *was proposed by Paul & Kapoor (1985) with Oidium erysiphioides as type species. This generic name was previously used in the broad sense for all kinds of asexual powdery mildews with conidia formed in chains. *Oidium erysiphoides *is also a dubious name, i.e. used in a very wide sense for all kinds of asexual powdery mildews. Type material of O. erysiphoides is not preserved. In order to clarifiy the application of *Oidium erysiphoides *and thereby Euoidium, Braun & Cook (2012) neotypified this species name with asexual morph material of *Golovinomyces biocellatus *making *Euoidium *a heterotypic synonym of Golovinomyces. The name *Euoidium *dates from 1985 while Golovinomyces was introduced at the generic rank in 1988. Following the proposal to give general preference to sexual morph-typified names in powdery mildews, its wide recognition, and phylogenetically proven distinction, Golovinomyces is proposed for protection over Euoidium.
Although the generic name Holwaya has been proposed for protection over Crinula in Johnston et al. (2014), since then it has been determined that Holwaya must also be protected against Crinium based on the type, Acrospermum caliciiforme. In the protologue for Crinium Fries (1819) mentioned only this species with reference to its place of publication. Later Fries (1821) placed A. caliciiforme in the genus Crinula. The name Crinium has not been used since then, thus Holwaya is proposed for protection over Crinium.
The genus Pseudeurotium based on P. zonatum includes 19 names and belongs in Pseudeurotiaceae. Sogonov et al. (2005) described the monotypic genus Teberdinia, based on T. hygrophila, including three unnamed asexual morphs of species of Pseudeurotium. In determining the phylogenetic position of the fungus causing white-nose syndrome of bats now known as Pseudogymnoascus destructans, Minnis & Lindner (2013) demonstrated that Pseudeurotium and Teberdinia were synonyms and placed T. hygrophila in Pseudeurotium. While Teberdinia is monotypic and relatively obscure, Pseudeurotium has priority, includes a number species, and is well known, thus we recommend the use of Pseudeurotium.
In reviewing generic names in Leotiomycetes, Johnston et al. (2014) recommended the use of Godronia rather than Topospora. Since then it has been determined that two names in Topospora should be placed in Godronia so these new combinations are proposed
MycoBank MB819026
Basionym: Dothiopsis myrtilli Feltgen, Vorstud. Pilzfl. Luxemb., Nachtr. III: 286 (1903).
Synonym: Topospora myrtilli (Feltgen) Boerema, Gewasbescherming 1(4): 66 (1970).
In studying Sirococcus, Konrad et al. (2007) used Godronia (syn. Topospora) as an outgroup and showed that two isolates of T. myrtilli grouped with G. cassandrae, thus confirming that T. myrtilli belongs in Godronia.
Godronia raduloides (Sacc. & Scalia) J.K. Stone, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819027
Basionym: Rhynchophoma raduloides Sacc. & Scalia, Harriman Alaska Expedition 5: 20 (1904).
Synonym: Topospora raduloides (Sacc. & Scalia) Verkley, Nova Hedwigia 75: 444 (2002).**
In placing this species in Topospora, Verkley (2002) noted that on the type material there was a note “...accompanied by apothecia of a species of Godronia”, and he suggested that Godronia was the sexual morph of T. raduloides.
Although a list has been published of recommendations for competing genera in the Dothideomycetes (Rossman et al. 2015b) based on Wijayawardene et al. (2014), a number of additional competing generic names have been noted since then and are listed here with recommendations for the generic name to use.
The generic name Abrothallus, typified by A. bertianus, represents a relatively well-known group of lichenicolous fungi including about 60 names, while Vouauxiomyces based on V. truncatus (Hawksworth & Dyko 1979), the asexual morph of A. microspermus. The connection between these generic names was confirmed using electrophoretic methods by Pérez-Ortega et al. (2011), who cited numerous papers in which this relationship was noted. In addition two recent accounts of Abrothallus have been published in which the phylogeny and species of this genus are elaborated (Pérez-Ortega *et al. *2014, Suija et al. 2015). Given the greater number of species, widespread use, and priority, use of Abrothallus is recommended.
The monotypic genus Zeuctomorpha, based on Z. arecae, was described as the sexual morph of Acroconidiellina arecae. No molecular work exists to confirm that A. arecae is congeneric with the type species of *Acroconidiellina, A. loudetiae, *but this seems likely. Assuming that these type species belong in the same genus, it follows that Acrodonidiellina and Zeuctomorpha are congeneric. Acroconidiellina includes four species, is more commonly used, has priority, and was accepted by Hernández-Restropo et al. (2016), thus we recommend the use of Acroconidiellina.
The type species of Amarenomyces, A. ammophilae, was determined to be the sexual morph of Amarenographium metableticum, type of Amarenographium (Eriksson 1982, Phooksamsak et al. 2014), thus these generic names are synonyms. Although Amarenomyces ammophilae is widely reported as an aquatic fungus, it remains the only name placed in this genus while four species have been included in Amarenographium (Nag Raj 1989). Both generic names have been cited about equally. Rather than make three name changes, we recommend protecting the name Amarenographium for which no name changes are required.
Both Zhang et al. (2009) and Shearer et al. (2009) showed that the type species of Anguillospora, A. longissima, groups with three species of Amniculicola including the type, A. lignicola, within Pleosporales, thus Anguillospora and Amniculicola are synonyms. Although more species of Anguillospora have been described, these aquatic hyphomycetous fungi tend to be morphologically convergent with most sequenced species belonging in the Leotiomycetes (Belliveau & Barlocher 2005, Baschien et al. 2006, Duarte et al. 2013). Although 18 species have been described in Anguillospora, five are known to belong in the Leotiomycetes, another in the Orbiliomycetes, and one in the Dothideales but not related to Amniculicola. Only the type species of *Anguillospora, A. longissima, *is monophyletic with the three species of Amniculicola. Thus, if Amniculicola is protected over Anguilllospora, only one new combination is required. The use of Anguillospora with a new type species belonging to the Leotiomycetes will be proposed. This will conserve Anguillospora in the sense in which it has been most commonly used.
One new combination is
Amniculicola longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Nadeeshan & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819029
Basionym: *Fusarium longissimum *Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 14: 1128 (1899).
Atichia glomerulosa, the older name for A. mosigii, type species of Atichia, is commonly reported as a lichen-like, superficial, gelatinous, black fungus on evergreen leaves in warm temperate and tropical regions (Meeker 1975, Gillis & Glawe 2008). Its sexual morph was described as Seuratia coffeicola, later referred to as S. millardetii, type species of Seuratia (Meeker 1975). Three names have been placed in Seuratia, two of which have names in Atichia. Although Atichia includes 20 names, many of these appear to be synonyms. These fungi are most commonly reported as Atichia and that generic name has priority, thus Atichia is recommended for use.
The following new combination is
Atichia maunauluana (Meeker) Rossman, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819030
Basionym: Seuratia maunauluana Meeker, Can. J. Bot. 53: 2490 (1975).
Petrak (1959) established the monotypic genus Chrysogloeum based on C. peruvianum to accommodate the asexual morph of Singeriella peruvianum, monotype of Singeriella. According to Kirk et al. (2008), Singeriella is a synonym of the monotypic Blasdalea based on B. disciformis. Hence, these three monotypic generic names are all based on the same species. Swart (1971) established the family Vizellaceae for the genera *Blasdalea *and Vizella. Neither Chrysogloeum nor Singeriella have been considered by any but the original author. Blasdalea has priority, thus this generic name is recommended for use.
Following Hughes (1976), Crous et al. (2007) demonstrated that the sexual morph of Fumagospora, F. capnodioides, is Capnodium salicinum, type of Capnodium, thus Fumagospora is an additional synonym of Capnodium, which was recommended for protection over Polychaeton 1846 by the Dothideomycetes Working Group (Rossman et al. 2015b).
Twist disease caused by Dilophospora alopecuri occurs on the leaves, stems and glumes of cereals and grasses in temperate regions throughout the world (Gibson & Sutton 1976, Riley 1996). The generic name Dilophospora is based on the type species, D. graminis, a synonym of D. alopecuri (Walker & Sutton 1974). The generic name Lidophia was established by Walker & Sutton (1974) for the later homonym Dilophia Sacc. 1883 non Dilophia Thomson 1853 (Brassicaceae). The type species of Lidophia is L. graminis based on Dilophia graminis, the sexual morph of Dilophospora alopecuri (Walker & Sutton 1974), thus Dilophospora and Lidophia are synonyms. Lidophia is a monotypic genus while Dilophospora now includes two species, is widely used, and has priority, thus we recommend the use of Dilophospora.
Based on deliberations of the Dothideomycetes Working Group (Rossman et al. 2015b), it was recommended that the generic name Elsinoë should be protected over Sphaceloma. Six names in Sphaceloma of importance to plant quarantine officials in the United States are herein transferred to Elsinoë.
**Elsinoë bucidae **(A.M.J. Watson & Jenkins) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819031
Basionym: Sphaceloma bucidae A.M.J. Watson & Jenkins, Mycologia 61: 276 (1969).
Elsinoë caricae (Ikata & Katsuki) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819032
Basionym: Sphaceloma caricae Ikata & Katsuki, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 21: 14 (1956).
Elsinoë choisyae (A.M.J. Watson & Jenkins) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819033
Basionym: Sphaceloma choisyae A.M.J. Watson & Jenkins, Mycologia 61: 276 (1969).
Elsinoë paeoniae (Kuros.) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819034
Basionym: Sphaceloma paeoniae Kuros., Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 9: 131 (1939).
Elsinoë psidii (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819035
Basionym: *Sphaceloma psidii *Bitanc. & Jenkins, Archos Inst. biol., S. Paulo 19: 105 (1949) [“1949-50”].
Elsinoë zorniae (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Romberg & W.C. Allen, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819036
Basionym: Sphaceloma zorniae Bitanc. & Jenkins, Aq. Inst. Biol. São Paulo 11: 47 (1940).
In addition, Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa, differentiated from Elsinoë fawcettii on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, should be considered synonymous with E. fawcettii based on molecular analyses (Tan et al. 1996, Hyun et al. 2009).
The genus Eupelte, based on E. amicta, was considered by von Arx & Müller (1975) to include the type species of two other genera, namely E. dothideoides, type of Maurodothina, and E. farriae, the sexual morph of the type of Pirozynskia, P. farriae, thus these three generic names are synonyms. Eupelte farriae causes a black mildew on Abies in north temperate regions (Pirozynski & Shoemaker 1970). Among the four names included in these three genera, all but one have been included in Eupelte, thus use of the oldest generic name is recommended.
Eupelte shoemakeri (Subram.) Rossman, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819037
Basionym: Pirozynskia shoemakeri Subram., Curr. Sci. 711 (1972).
The synonymy of these three lichenicolous generic names was presented by Hawksworth (2016). Based on morphology, he considered the type species of Koordersiella, K. javanica, and the type species of Hansfordiellopsis, H. aburiensis (now regarded as a synonym of K. insectivora), to be congeneric. Although Hansfordiellopsis includes eight species names while Koordersiella has only five, he accepted priority because all of these fungi are relatively obscure and thus used Koordersiella, and we concur.
The genus Metacapnodium is typified by M. juniperi (Hughes 1972). This genus was recently considered to be congeneric with Antennularia based on A. ericophila, which was placed in Metacapnodium as M. ericophilum (Hyde et al. 2013). In addition they considered Capnocybe typified by C. fraserae to be an asexual morph of Metacapnodium fraserae (Hughes 1976). Hughes (1972, 1981) also listed Capnobotrys, Capnophialophora and *Torulopsiella *as names for the synanamorphs of Metacapnodium. Thus these six generic names compete for use. Four of these names, Capnocybe with three species, Capnophialophora with three species, monotypic Capnosporium, and Torulopsiella with two species, are rarely used. Although Antennularia includes 17 names and Capnobotrys includes ten, Metacapnodium with 14 names is widely used and should be protected as suggested in Hyde et al. (2013).
The generic name Microxiphium (previously often spelled “Microxyphium”) is typified by M. footii while the type of Dennisiella is D. babingtonii. The types of these generic names are considered the same species (Dennis & Ellis 1952, Hughes 1976, Sivanesan 1984). Little molecular study has been conducted on these fungi, nevertheless, Microxiphium fagi, the earliest name for this species (Hughes 1976), is reported commonly in the literature. At present Microxiphium includes 33 names while Rocha et al. (2010) provided a key to the nine species of Dennisiella. Based on priority, the greater number of names, and widespread use, Microxiphium is recommended for use.
The type of Mirandina, M. corticola, is a relatively common fresh-water hyphomycete that is known from Europe and Asia (Czeczuga et al. 2007, Kobayashi 2007). The sexual morph of the congeneric species, M. flagelliformis, was described as Chaetonectrioides malaysiana, in the monotypic genus Chaetonectrioides, thus these generic names are synonyms. About 10 species have been included in Mirandina with two species described recently (Ma et al. 2015, Fiuza et al. 2016). No DNA sequences exist for any of these species. Given the greater number of species and priority, use of Mirandina is recommended.
The genus Protoventuria is typified by P. rosae based on Venturia rosae and includes 46 names. Zhang et al. (2012) demonstrated that this species groups with Protoventuria alpina to form a distinct lineage of Dothideomycetes that should be regarded as Protoventuria. The type species of Ramalia, R. veronicae, was placed in the genus Fusicladium as F. veronicae by Sutton & Pascoe (1988). They also described Protoventuria parahebicola for the sexual morph of this species, which causes leaf spots on Parahebe (Scrophulariaceae), thus Protoventuria and Ramalia are synonyms. Although one additional name, R. byrsonimatis was described in Ramalia (Braun & Mouchacca 2000), that name has remained obscure. Protoventuria includes over 40 names, is widely used, and has priority over Ramalia, thus Protoventuria is recommended for use.
When Hughes (1983) described the genus Questieriella based on Q. pulchra, he stated that the sexual morph was Schiffnerula pulchra and that Sarcinella heterospora, type of Sarcinella, represented a second asexual morph of the same species.Thus the generic names Sarcinella and Questieriella are synonyms. Earlier Hughes (1952) had distinguished the asexual morph of Schiffnerula mirabilis, type of the genus Schiffnerula, from S. pulchra. Hughes (1952) and Hosagoudar (2003) considered S. mirabilis and S. pulchra to be congeneric, thus Schiffnerula is also congeneric with Questieriella and Sarcinella. A second species of Schiffnerula, S. corni, was described from Quebec having Questieriella and Sarcinella synasexual morphs (Hughes 1990), again suggesting this generic synonymy. None of these species have been sequenced. Sarcinella provides the oldest generic name for these fungi, is used about equally with Schiffnerula, and has about the same number of names, thus the principle of priority is followed and Sarcinella is recommended for use.
The following new combinations are
Sarcinella mirabilis (Höhn.) Seifert, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819038
Basionym: Schiffnerula mirabilis Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 868 (1909).
Sarcinella pulchra (Sacc.) Seifert, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819044
Basionym: Apiosporium pulchrum Sacc., Mycoth. Univ., cent. no. 52 (1875).
Synonyms: Dimerosporium pulchrum (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 52 (1882).
Schiffnerula pulchra (Sacc.) Petr., Ann. mycol. 26: 397 (1928).
Sarcinella heterospora Sacc., Fungi italica autogr. del. 1–4: tab. 126 (1877).
Questieriella pulchra S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 61: 1730. 1983.
Previously the generic name Schizothyrium was recommended for use rather than Zygophiala and most names have been placed in Schizothyrium, however, one name was overlooked.
Schizothyrium jamaicense (E.W. Mason) Rossman, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819039
Basionym: Zygophiala jamaicense E.W. Mason, Mycol. Pap. 13: 5 (1945).
Hughes (1965) monographed *Trichopeltheca *and accepted two species including the type species *T. asiatica *and listing the type species of Plokamidomyces, P. colensoi, as a synonym. He also accepted a second species, *T. stevensii, *with the type species of *Trichothallus, T. hawaiiensis, *as a synonym, thus these three generic names are synonyms. These sooty moulds develop from a distinctive one-cell thick stroma growing over living plant tissue, with setae, conidia and perithecia developing from the same stromata. Although there are no cultures or DNA sequence data, there is little doubt that these two species are congeneric and that the constituitive morphs are part of the same fungus. None of the three generic names is frequently cited in the literature. Adopting either the older asexual morph name *Trichothallus *or the sexual morph name *Trichopeltheca *would require making a new combination. We opt to respect priority in this case and recommend the adoption of the oldest generic name Trichothallus.
Trichothallus niger**(Jennings) Seifert, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB819047
Basionym: Phycopeltis nigra Jennings, Proc.R. Irish Acad. 3: 758 (1896).
Type: New Zealand: Rotorua, on *Nesodaphne towa *(sic, = Beilschmiedia tawa), A.V. Jennings (DBN-lectotype designated here, MBT-isotype).
Synonyms: Plokamidomyces colensoi Bat. et al., Atti Ist. bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia, ser. 5, 15: 47 (1957).
*Trichopeltheca asiatica *Bat. et al., Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 90: 13 (1958) [“1957”].
Notes: On the basis of the protologue of *Phycopeltis nigra, *Santesson (1944) concluded that the type material was mixed and that the name should be considered a nomen confusum, as was common practice at the time and permitted under the Code then in force. Hughes (1965) examined co-type (i.e. syntypes) specimens in DBN and MBT and recognized that P. nigra was identical with T. asiatica, arguing that the ‘type form’ described in the protologue corresponded with the *Trichopeltheca *component. He did not make the new combination, presumably because the species had originally been described as an alga. The lectotype proposed above is selected based on Hughes’ observations.
The generic names Xenodium typified by X. petrakii and Xenodiella typified by X. petrakii were published in the same article as sexual and asexual morphs of the same species (Sydow 1935), thus these generic names are synonyms. Both generic names are monotypic, however, Xenodium has been used in the literature more than Xenodiella, thus Xenodium is recommended for use.
The type species of each of these four monotypic generic names, Yoshinagaia, Japonia, Yoshinagamyces and Monoloculia, are the same species as explained by Sivanesan & Hsieh (1995). All of the names are relatively obscure but Yoshinagaia is used more frequently than the others. In addition, Japonia is also used as the name for an insect, thus we recommend use of the name that has priority, namely Yoshinagaia.
The nomenclator for the type species of these four generic names
Yoshinagaia quercus Henn., Hedwigia 43: 143 (1904).
Synonyms: Monoloculia quercus (Henn.) Hara, Diseases of Trees: 171 (1927).
Japonia quercus Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1, 118: 879. (1909).
Yoshinagamyces quercus Hara, Bot. Mag., (Tokyo) 26: 143 (1912).