Endoscopic Removal of an Unusual Foreign Body Causing Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Authors: A. Karaman, E. Torun, M. Çelikbilek, S. Gürsoy, Ö. Özbakir

Abstract

Foreign body ingestion is a condition more common in the pediatric population than in adults. In adults, although foreign body ingestion can be well tolerated, approximately 10-20% of patients require endoscopic intervention. Delayed diagnosis and unremoved foreign bodies can cause serious and fatal complications including perforation, fistula and gastrointestinal bleeding. Here we report a patient with bleeding duodenal ulcer thought to be initiated by a large foreign body.

Introduction

Ingestion of foreign bodies is a common clinical problem. Difficulties can often occur in both diagnostic and management protocols. Though in adults foreign body ingestion can be well tolerated, delayed diagnosis and unremoved foreign bodies can cause serious and fatal complications including perforation, fistula and gastrointestinal bleeding [1]. In this paper we report a patient with bleeding after swallowing a large foreign body.

Case Report

A 65-year-old man with coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation was admitted to our department for evaluation of hematemesis, melena and abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed abdominal tenderness. He was pale and hypotensive (90/55 mm Hg), with a heart rate of 108 bpm. All laboratory values were within normal range, except for a low level of hemoglobin (8.9 g/dl). An esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed after erythrocyte suspension transfusion. Endoscopic examination revealed a 13 cm long and 2 cm wide hair comb in the gastric lumen (fig. 1). In addition a deformed pylorus and a Forrest 2c ulcer 5–6 mm in diameter in the duodenal bulbi were detected (fig. 2). A foreign body protector hood was used for protecting the esophagus and the comb was grasped with a snare and carefully removed (fig. 3). Control endoscopy revealed no complication after the procedure. Chronic irritation of the duodenal bulbi by the comb was thought to be the cause of ulcer and gastrointestinal hemorrhages. On questioning, the patient did not remember how or when he had swallowed the hair comb. The patient was discharged from hospital two days after admission without any complication.

Discussion

Swallowing of foreign bodies remains a common problem with intervention difficulties. Approximately 80% of cases with accidentally foreign body aspiration occur in children [1]. In adults, ingestion of foreign bodies involuntarily occurs in the elderly population with cerebrovascular diseases, patients with drug and alcohol dependence, and also intentionally in psychiatric patients and prisoners. In the general population, 80–90% of foreign bodies will pass spontaneously. However, endoscopic intervention is required in 10–20% of patients with less than 1% of patients requiring surgery [2]. Foreign bodies may cause serious complications such as impaction, obstruction, or perforation of the digestive or respiratory tracts. Swallowed foreign bodies can impact at the anatomical narrowing areas like cricopharyngeus, lower esophageal sphincter, pylorus, ileocaecal valve and anus. Foreign bodies greater than 2–2.5 cm in length usually cannot enter the pylorus [3].

In our patient, we think that the comb's short side was passed through the pylorus and returned back to the antrum by the gastric peristalsis and caused the mucosal damage of the duodenal bulbi and pylorus. Ulcer bleeding occurred by chronic mucosal damage. Although it is well known that foreign bodies can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, there is no report of such a foreign body in the literature. This is the first case of comb ingenstion in the literature, whether it caused bleeding or not. Of course medication for coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation may have caused duodenal ulcer and bleeding in this patient, but the bleeding did not continue after removal of the comb although his medications were not stopped.

In patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, especially in the elderly population, foreign bodies should also be kept in mind.