Authors: Shi-Min Yuan, Hua Jing, Jacob Lavee
Categories: Clinical Sciences, Aortic dilation, Aortic valve disorder, Bicuspid aortic valve, Cholesterol, Left main coronary artery
Source: Clinics
A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital heart disease, which affects 1–2% of the population. However, the relationship between BAVs and aortic dilation has not been sufficiently elucidated.
A total of 241 BAV patients who were referred to this hospital for cardiac surgey over a 4.75-year period were included in this study. In addition to the clinical characteristics of the included patients, the morphological features of the aortic valve and aorta, the length of the left main coronary artery, and the laboratory findings (the coagulation and hematological parameters as well as the total cholesterol concentration) were determined and compared with those of the tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) patients.
The BAV patients were younger than the TAV patients for a valve surgery in the last 3 months of the study period. The BAV patients were predominantly male. Most of the BAVs that were surgically treated were stenotic, regurgitant, or combined, and only 19 (7.88%) were normally functioning valves. According to echocardiography or operative records, 148 (78.31%) were type A, 31 (16.40%) were type B, and 10 (5.29%) were type C. The left main coronary artery was much shorter in the BAV patients than it was in the TAV patients. There was no significant difference between BAV and TAV patients in the total cholesterol concentrations; whereas differences were noted between patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and those not receiving lipid-lowering therapy. The dimensions of the aortic root, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta were beyond normal limits, while they were significantly smaller in the BAV patients than in the TAV patients. They were also much smaller in patients receiving statin therapy than those not receiving statin therapy in both groups. Moreover, the aortic dilation in the BAV group was found to be significantly associated with patient age.
The BAV patients developed aortic wall and aortic valve disorders at a younger age than the TAV patients and were predominantly male. Aortic dilation was observed in the aortic root, sinotubular junction, and ascending aortic segments in both the BAV and TAV patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement, although the BAV patients had a smaller degree of dilation than the TAV patients, and dilation was also significantly age-related in this group. The shorter left main coronary artery that the BAV patients possess may contribute to the progressive course of aortic dilation that these patients experience. Statin therapy did not affect the aortic annulus in either group, but did decrease the dimensions of the aortic root, sinotubular junction and ascending aorta. In general, statin therapy had a better effect on the aortas of the TAV patients than it did on those of the BAV patients.
Keywords: Aortic dilation, Aortic valve disorder, Bicuspid aortic valve, Cholesterol, Left main coronary artery
A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital heart disease. It is observed in 1–2% of the entire population1 and in 31.9% of individuals with aortic valve disorders.2 A BAV may be accompanied by aortic stenosis or insufficiency, infective endocarditis, an aortic aneurysm or an aortic dissection. It can also be associated with aortic coarctation and Marfan’s syndrome.1 Aortic dilation begins at an early age in the BAV patients and is usually characterized by “mid-ascending”-type dilation.3 The dilation process can be observed even in patients with normally functioning BAVs.4–7 The increased stress on the aortic wall that results from the recirculation vortices produced by the abnormal opening of the BAVs has been recognized as a risk factor for aortic dilation.3 The intrinsic links between the BAVs and aortic dilation have given rise to a concept that the BAVs represent a disorder that affects both the aortic valve and the aorta3,6,7 and have led some authors to suggest early replacement of the aorta instead of isolated valve replacement in such patients.8,9 In spite of multiple previous morphological investigations, 2,10 little is known concerning the relationship between the BAVs and aortic dilation.7 The goal of this study is to describe the relation between the BAV and aortic dilation in addition to its clinical implications and morphological characteristics by comparing to those of the TAV.
We performed a retrospective search for the BAV patients who were referred to this hospital for cardiac surgery between January 1, 2004 and September 30, 2008 using the Doctor’s Record Database by examining perfusionists’ records. Patients who came in for a repeated operation whose native aortic valve (bicuspid, tricuspid, or unknown) had been replaced in their primary operations within or outside of the study period were excluded from the present study. As a result, a total of 241 patients were included in the BAV group.
Patients with a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) referred to this hospital for a cardiac operation for an isolated aortic dilation, a combined aortic dilation and aortic valve abnormality, coarctation of the aorta, Marfan’s syndrome, or aortic dissection during the entire study period as well as those with infective endocarditis or aortic valve disorders who were seen during the last three months of the study period were included in the study as control patients. As a result, a total of 225 patients were included in the control group.
The patients’ surgical indications, the characteristics of their BAVs, and the location of their aortic dilations were recorded. The pathological types of the BAVs were determined based on a short axis view of the pre- or intraoperative echocardiograms, which were either viewed on the Horizon Cardiology Web of this hospital or taken from the operative records. The dimensions of the aorta were measured at four levels on the long axis view of the archived the aortic annulus, the aortic sinus, the sinotubular junction and the ascending aorta. The length of the left main coronary artery was measured on the right anterior oblique view of the archived coronary angiography images. Perioperative laboratory findings (the coagulation and hematological parameters as well as the total cholesterol concentration) were collected from the “Autolab” database of the hospital and analyzed. The laboratory values of the BAV group were compared to those of the control group.
Data were expressed as means±SDs. Unpaired t-tests were used in comparative analyses. Two-tailed p-values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
A total of 241 consecutive patients with a BAV were referred to this hospital for a cardiac operation during the study period, representing 6.71% of 3,594 adult patients during the same period. The group included 186 males and 55 females. The mean age of the BAV patients was 56.129 ± 15.096 (range, 16–85) years, which was much lower than that of the TAV patients (Table 1). Their surgical indications included diseases of the aorta (aortic dilation, combined aortic dilation and aortic valve disorder, aortic dissection, coarctation of the aorta, and Marfan’s syndrome) and valvular disorders (aortic valve disorder, infective endocarditis, and mitral valve regurgitation) (Table 2). The cardiopulmonary bypass time was 109.39±35.92 (range, 46–324) min (n=236), the aortic cross-clamp time was 83.74±28.15 (range, 29–225) min (n=236), the total circulatory arrest time was 16.292±5.385 (range, 8–35) min (n=24), and the minimal core temperature of the patients during total circulatory arrest was 18.138±2.225 (range, 15–20) °C (n=13). The postoperative morbidity rate was 4.98%. The postoperative complications included atrial fibrillation (n=2), cerebrovascular accident (n=2), prosthetic aortic valve leak (n=4), prosthetic valvular endocarditis (n=2), and spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage (n=1). One patient with poor left ventricular function who underwent aortic valve replacement and repeated coronary artery bypass died 27 days after the operation, yielding a mortality rate of 0.41%.
The BAV was stenotic in 122 patients, regurgitant in 62 patients, combined stenotic and regurgitant in 3 patients, and normal in 19 patients, respectively (Table 3).
Data regarding the type of the BAV that a patient had were not available for 52 patients. In the remaining patients, the BAV type was determined from the short axis view of the preoperative transthoracic or intraoperative transesophageal echocardiograms in 186 patients and from the operative record in the other 3 patients. A total of 148 (78.31%) patients had type A BAVs, 31 (16.40%) had type B BAVs, and 10 (5.29%) had type C BAVs (Figure 1). In the short axis view of the echocardiogram of one patient with a type A BAV, the aortic valve appeared to have three commissures during diastole, but leaflet doming was visible during systole (Figure 2). The aortic valve of that patient proved to be bicuspid at the time of surgery. The configuration of the BAV cusps was unknown in 49 cases. Of the remaining 192 patients, 132 (68.75%) patients had calcified valves and 60 (31.25%) patients had valves that exhibited doming.
Figure 1 Short axis views from intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. (A) Type A bicuspid aortic valve with two commissures at 2 and 8 o’clock and a raphe (arrow) at the 5 o’clock position. The anterior leaflet and the raphe are calcified. (B) Type B bicuspid aortic valve with two commissures at 5 and 11 o’clock and a raphe (arrow) at the 7–8 o’clock position. Both leaflets and the raphe are calcified. (C) Type C bicuspid aortic valve with two commissures at the 3–4 and 9 o’clock positions with no raphe. The leaflets were free of calcification.
Figure 2 A short axis view of the aorta, showing the aortic valve. (A) Three commissures with equal-sized leaflets during diastole. (B) A characteristic doming configuration of a bicuspid aortic valve during systole.
Aortic dilation was present in 97 (40.25%) of the 241 patients that had BAVs. The aortic root was involved in 9 (9.28%) patients, the ascending aorta was involved in 68 (70.10%) patients, both the aortic root and the ascending aorta were involved in 14 (14.43%) patients, both the ascending aorta and aortic arch were involved in 5 (5.15%) patients, and the aortic root, ascending aorta, and aortic arch were involved in 1 patient (1.03%). The BAV patients that had evidence of aortic dilation were younger than their TAV counterparts and exhibited male gender predominance. The aortic annulus, aortic sinus, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta were dilated in both BAV and TAV patients, and the dimensions of the aortic root and ascending aorta were much smaller in the BAV than in the TAV patients who were undergoing valvular surgery. In the absence of aortic dilation, significant differences were observed between the dimensions of the aortic root and the sinotubular junction in the BAV patients as compared to the TAV patients, with the former having larger dimensions (Table 4).
The length of the left main coronary artery could be measured in 86 patients with the BAVs and in 61 patients in the TAV group, all of whose coronary angiograms were available for viewing in the “Horizon Cardiology Web“ of this hospital. A significant difference in the length of the left main coronary artery was noted between the patients with a BAV and those with a TAV (5.4669 ± 2.9332 mm vs. 7.4967 ± 6.7316 mm, p = 0.0141). The range of the left main coronary artery length was 1.1–15.2 mm in the former group and 0–30.8 mm in the latter group. The shortest left main coronary artery identified among the BAV patients was 1.1 mm, while three patients with a TAV (who presented with type A aortic dissection, ascending aortic aneurysm, and ascending aortic aneurysm associated with aortic valve regurgitation, respectively) had absent left main coronary arteries and instead had left anterior descending coronary arteries and marginal arteries that bifurcated at the aortic sinus (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Images showing the absence of the left main coronary artery. (A) A 3-D reconstruction of a computerized tomography scan of the heart of a 64-year-old male patient with an ascending aortic aneurysm and moderate-to-severe aortic regurgitation with a tricuspid aortic valve. (B) A right anterior oblique view of the coronary angiogram of a 75-year-old male patient with a chronic type A aortic dissection and a tricuspid aortic valve.
In the BAV group, no differences were noted in the length of the left main coronary artery with regard to the cardiac circulation dominance type of the patients [right vs. left dominance 5.4381±3.3298 (range, 2.3–12.1) mm (n=36) vs. 6.1050 ±2.7765 (range, 1.9–15.2) mm (n=12), p=0.5357; right vs. codominance 5.4381±3.3298 (range, 2.3–12.1) mm (n=36) vs. 5.3009±2.7479 (range, 1.92–14.6) mm (n=34), p=0.4512; and left vs. codominance 6.1050 ±2.7765 (range, 1.9–15.2) mm (n=12), vs. 5.3009±2.7479 (range, 1.92–14.6) mm (n=34), p=0.8519].
Homological parameters were much lower than normal limits. In the BAV group, there was no significant difference noted between the hemoglobin concentrations of patients without and with infective endocarditis [10.6947±1.1914 (n=231) (range, 7.6–14.9) vs. 9.9744±1.3726 (n=9) (range, 7.9–12.1), p= 0.0781].
There were no inter-group differences in the total cholesterol concentrations. However, intra-group differences were noted between patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and those not receiving lipid-lowering therapy (Figure 4). The baseline dimensions of the aortic root, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta were greater than the upper limit of normal in both groups, although those of the TAV patients tended to be larger than those of the BAV patients (Figure 5). Multiple linear regression analysis did not show any strong correlations between the dimensions of the aorta and the length of the left main coronary artery or the total serum cholesterol concentration in the BAV group. However, aortic dimensions at the four levels that were measured were found to be significantly related to patient age (Y=0.823+0.748X1− 0.0253X2+0.383X3−0.00057X4; R = 0.749; R^2^= 0.562; adjusted R^2^ = 0.552; F = 56.693; p<0.0001).
Figure 4 Intra-group differences between patients receiving statin therapy and those not receiving statin therapy. (+) = receiving statin therapy; (−) = not receiving statin therapy; BAV = bicuspid aortic valve; TAV = tricuspid aortic valve.
Figure 5 Dimensions of the aorta of patients receiving statin therapy as compared to those not receiving statin therapy. (+) = receiving statin therapy; (−) = not receiving statin therapy; AA=ascending aorta; BAV=bicuspid aortic valve; STJ=sinotubular junction; TAV=tricuspid aortic valve.
Approximately 15–50% of the BAV patients retained their normal valvular function,11 while the others had dysfunctional valves at the early age of 61.3±12.8 years as compared to 67.5±12.9 years in the TAV patients.2 The BAV patients also exhibited a male gender predominance with regard to the occurrence of valvular dysfunction. Including the BAV patients who had infective endocarditis but normal functioning valves, 78.3% of the aortic valves of the BAV patients were stenotic, 15.6% were regurgitant, and 4% were both stenotic and regurgitant. In a previous report, Collins et al.2 found that among the BAV patients included in their study, calcification of the base, calcification of the commissure, and ossification were found in 39.1%, 43.3%, and 7% of the valves.
Aortic dilation and aortic dissection accounted for 50–70% and 7–13% of the BAV patients, respectively.7,12 About 40% of the patients with Marfan’s syndrome had aortic dissections, and the BAVs were present in 5% of the Marfan’s patients.12 Except for the complications described in the literature, the presented BAV patient setting represented 1.66% of the patient population with mitral regurgitation, and one of them was associated with a large secundum atrial septal defect.13 The BAVs can be associated with other congenital cardiovascular lesions, including coarctation of the aorta, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, William’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, and Shone’s syndrome.1 However, none of our BAV patients had any of these conditions.
Brandenburg et al.10 defined the morphological types of the BAVs based on the short axis view of the transthoracic echocardiogram. In type A BAVs, the posterior and anterior commissures and raphe are located at 4–5, 9–10, and 1–2 o’clock, and the anterior leaflet is larger; in type B BAVs, the posterior and anterior commissures and raphe are located at 6, 1–2, and 9–10 o’clock, and the right leaflet is larger; and in type C BAVs, the commissures are at 3 and 9 o’clock, with no raphe, and the anterior and posterior leaflets are equal in size. In our study, as in previous studies, type A BAVs were most common, followed by type B and type C BAVs.14,15 With echocardiography, it is possible to make a false positive diagnosis when the coaptation line of a TAV is faint, and a false negative diagnosis may be made if a prominent raphe is present in a BAV.16 However, only one patient in the present series had a false negative diagnosis based on their echocardiogram. In this patient, the aortic valve appeared to have three coaptations, but a specific doming configuration was present during systole. The diagnosis of a BAV was established intraoperatively.
A study on the aorta dimensions of patients with purely severely stenotic BAVs revealed that these patients developed a moderate dilation of the aorta at an early age, while controls that had TAVs did not.9 Yasuda et al.17 has proposed two causes concerning the association between the dilation of the ascending aorta and the BAVs: hemodynamic burden caused by aortic valvular disorder and congenital aortic fragility. They compared the echocardiographic characteristics of patients with the BAVs and with the TAVs and found that, in addition to the fact that aortic dilation occurred more rapidly in patients with the BAVs, a similar aortic dilation rate was observed in the BAV patients who underwent aortic valve replacement as compared to those who did not. They concluded that aortic valve replacement could prevent aortic dilation in patients with the TAVs but that in patients with the BAVs, aortic valve replacement could not prevent aortic dilatation.
Scholz et al.18 reported that 24% of the BAV patients in their study had a left dominant cardiac circulation. Additionally, they found that the incidence of this type of circulation was highest in patients with aortic coarctation regardless of whether these patients had a BAV or a TAV. Hutchins et al.19 found a higher incidence of left dominance, 29%, in postmortem angiography among the patients with the BAVs in their study. They postulated that the left dominance that they observed may have resulted from decreased blood flow to the left side of the heart. In the BAV patients, the length of the left main coronary artery was 1.0 ± 0.3 cm (range, 0.6–1.3), 1.3 ± 0.2 cm (range, 0.6–1.8) and 0.9 cm in patients with a left, right and codominant coronary artery circulation, respectively. No significant difference in the length of the left main coronary artery was found between the BAV and TAV patients or between patients with different types of coronary artery circulation dominance.20
Collins et al.2 reported a prevalence of infective endocarditis of 1.5% among patients with the BAVs in his study, while we observed a prevalence of 3.73%. Lamas and Eykyn11 reported that nearly one-third of the BAV patients with infective endocarditis in their study had valvular or myocardial abscesses, whereas perivalvular abscesses were present in 1/9 of the infective endocarditis patients with the BAVs in our series. Lamas and Eykyn11 found that among 50 BAV patients with infective endocarditis, 86% had anemia with a mean hemoglobin level of 11.8±1.58 g/dL. Anemia can be a result of several disorders of the aorta and aortic valve. Diehm et al.21 reported that 30.7% of the abdominal aortic aneurysm patients had anemia at baseline in their study and that anemia was independently associated with aneurysmal size and reduced long-term survival following endovascular repair. Intravascular hemolysis and hemolytic anemia are sometimes seen in patients with aortic valve stenosis.22 It has therefore been suggested that severe aortic valve disorders may be associated with anemia, especially in non-survivors of such patients.23
An even younger age and a greater male gender predominance of the BAV patients were observed in this patient group than have been observed in previous studies. A previous study found that the BAVs were present in 1–15% of patients who suffered aortic dissections at <54 years of age.12 Those results were slightly different from our study, in which we observed an aortic dissection rate of 1.66% occurring at a median age of 68.5 (range, 28–77) years. In the present study, anemia was noted in both the BAV and TAV patients with and without infective endocarditis based on their hemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, and hematocrits. In the BAV patients, the prothrombin time was shorter and the international normalized ratio was higher than the upper limit of normal, but the partial thromboplastin time was normal.
An important result of this study that is contrary to reports in the literature24 is the disparity between the aortas of the BAV and TAV patients, in that the aortic dilation observed in the aortic root, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta segments of the BAV patients undergoing surgery was less severe than that of the TAV patients undergoing surgery. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that aortic dilation is age-related, a finding that has been previously described by Cecconi and associates, 5,6 because in our study, the BAV patients were much younger than the TAV patients. Recent retrospective trials 25,26 have demonstrated that it is possible to slow the progression of aortic stenosis with statin therapy, and statin therapy was therefore recommended to all the patients with aortic valve disorders in order to slow or prevent dilation of the aorta.27 Our results are in agreement with those of the previous study in that statin therapy has the potential to decrease the degree of aortic dilation that patients experience. In our study, statin therapy was associated with smaller dimensions of the aortic root, sinotubular segment, and ascending aorta in both groups. Interestingly, we found that statin therapy did not influence the dimension of the aortic annulus and was more effective among the TAV patients.
In conclusion, the BAV patients in our study developed aortic wall and aortic valve disorders at a younger age than the TAV patients. There was also a male gender predominance among the BAV patients with aortic and valvular anomalies. The shorter left main coronary arteries that were observed in these patients may be responsible for the progressive course of these lesions. Aortic dilation was observed in the aortic roots, sinotubular junctions, and ascending aortas of both the BAV and TAV surgical patients. The degree of dilation was less marked in the BAV group and was also significantly related to age in that group. Statin therapy did not affect the dimensions of the aortic annulus in either group, but did decrease the dimensions of the aortic root, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta in both groups, although it had a more marked effect in the TAV patients. To confirm the results of this study, a prospective study with a larger sample size and a matched control group should be performed.